1.5. Validation and Clinical References

Although IOLResearch is a new application, it was not designed in isolation. Its measurement framework builds on a family of predecessor applications whose use in clinical research extends back more than a decade: ClinicCSF, Multifocal Lens Analyzer, StereoTAB, and VisionC. Together, these applications established practical digital methods for evaluating contrast sensitivity, defocus curves, stereopsis, and visual acuity.

The references below document this scientific lineage. They include original validation and technical studies, clinical investigations that used the applications to collect visual-performance data, and later publications that cited or extended their methods. Organized by predecessor application, the evidence shows how IOLResearch develops from an established body of research rather than from an untested measurement approach.

ClinicCSF - Contrast Sensitivity

Designed to measure contrast sensitivity function at different spatial frequencies under controlled testing conditions, supporting research on visual quality beyond standard visual acuity.

Validation of ClinicCSF

Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Remón L, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Designing a new test for contrast sensitivity function measurement with iPad. Journal of Optometry. 2015;8(2):101-108.

Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Inter-display reproducibility of contrast sensitivity measurement with iPad. Optometry and Vision Science. 2016;93(12):1532-1536.

Clinical Research Use with ClinicCSF

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Tauste A, Albarrán C, Basterra I, Piñero D. Fast measure of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity defocus curves with an iPad application. The Open Ophthalmology Journal. 2019;13:15-22.

Talens-Estarelles C, García-Del Valle AM, García-Lázaro S. Impact of the pupil size-central optical zone diameter relationship on visual performance in aspheric multifocal contact lenses. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye. 2022;45(2):101440.

Termote K, Van Schoor R, Krolo I, et al. Combination of a monofocal and one type of extended depth-of-focus (zonal refractive) intraocular lens (COMEDI) in bilateral cataract surgery protocol. BMJ Open Ophthalmology. 2024;9:e001572.

Veselý P, Parshina N, Feketeová V, Furdová A, Valášková J. Comparison of the optical performance of three monofocal plus intraocular lenses. Bratislava Medical Journal. 2025;126:619-628.

Multifocal Lens Analyzer - Defocus Curves

Designed to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity defocus curves, allowing researchers to characterize the functional range of vision provided by multifocal, EDOF, and other presbyopia-correcting solutions.

Validation of MLA

Clinical Research with MLA

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Tauste A, Piñero DP. Patient selection to optimize near vision performance with a low-addition trifocal lens. Journal of Optometry. 2020;13(1):50-58.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Tauste A, Piñero DP. Above-average defocus curves in photopic and mesopic vision with multifocal intraocular lenses after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017;10(10):1620-1623.

Escaf LJ, Escaf LC, Polo S, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Fernández J. Standard results and contrast sensitivity reestablishment after implantation of a trifocal intraocular lens. Current Eye Research. 2021;46(5):672-677.

Poyales F, Garzón N, Rico L, Zhou Y, Millán MS, Vega F. Comparison of visual performance between two aspheric monofocal intraocular lens models. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2023;106(1):29-35.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Burguera N, Piñero DP. Prediction of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity from optical simulations with multifocal intraocular lenses. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2019;35(12):789-795.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Tauste A, Piñero DP. Biometric factors associated with the visual performance of a high addition multifocal intraocular lens. Current Eye Research. 2018;43(8):998-1005.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Tauste A, Piñero DP. Standard clinical outcomes with a new low addition trifocal intraocular lens. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2019;35(4):214-221.

Calvo-Sanz JA, Sánchez-Tena MA. Characterization of optical performance with defocusing curve: analysis of two refractive intraocular lens models with high and medium addition. Journal of Optometry. 2020;13(1):35-40.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Burguera N, Piñero DP. Pupil dependence assessment with multifocal intraocular lenses through visual acuity and contrast sensitivity defocus curves. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021;31(6):2989-2996.

Fernández J, García-Montesinos J, Martínez J, Piñero DP, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Posterior capsular opacification evaluation through contrast sensitivity defocus curves with two multifocal intraocular lenses of similar material. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021;259(10):2995-3002.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Burguera N, Piñero DP. Long-term efficacy, visual performance and patient reported outcomes with a trifocal intraocular lens: a six-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10:2009.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rachwani-Anil R, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Objective cataract grading methods and expected contrast sensitivity reestablishment with multifocal intraocular lenses. International Ophthalmology. 2023;43(8):2825-2832.

Fernández J, Alonso-Aliste F, Burguera N, Hernández-Lucena J, Amián-Cordero J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Effectiveness of SMILE combined with micro-monovision in presbyopic patients: a pilot study. Life. 2023;13:838.

Fernández J, Srinivasan S, Burguera N, Martínez J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. One-year follow-up of a multifocal intraocular lens with optimized elevated phase shift. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2023;49(10):1018-1024.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Maldonado-Carmona C, Ginel J, Sáez-Martín Á, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Simulations of multifocal vision in patients with previous monofocal intraocular lens implantation. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2023;39(12):831-839.

Keskin Perk FFN, Taneri S, Tanriverdi C, Haciagaoglu S, Karaca ZY, Kilic A. Increasing depth of focus with allogeneic presbyopic inlays: 3-year results. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2023;49(10):1005-1010.

Pérez-Sanz L, Charbel C, Poyales F, Garzón N. Optical and aberrometric evaluation of a new enhanced monofocal intraocular lens with isofocal optic design. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2024;44:584-592.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Influence of corneal higher order aberrations on visual performance with a multifocal intraocular lens. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2025;41(4):e291-e299.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. One-year outcomes after implantation of an EDOF intraocular lens in patients with cataract. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2025;51:955-962.

Veselý P, Parshina N, Feketeová V, Furdová A, Valášková J. Comparison of the optical performance of three monofocal plus intraocular lenses. Bratislava Medical Journal. 2025;126:619-628.

StereoTAB - Stereopsis

Designed to measure stereopsis (depth perception) at different testing distances using a tablet-based stereoscopic assessment.

Validation of StereoTAB

Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Ferrando V, Montagud D, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Stereopsis assessment at multiple distances with an iPad application. Displays. 2017;50:35-40.

Morais R, Miguel A, Monteiro D, Cassandra C, Poças IM. Estudo comparativo da estereopsia com três testes diferentes: TNO®, Fly Stereo Acuity Test® e StereoTAB® em estudantes do ensino superior. Saúde & Tecnologia. 2016;(15):12-18.

Clinical Research with StereoTAB

Barnett-Itzhaki G, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Ela-Dalman N, Mezad-Koursh D. Evaluating distance stereoacuity in children 4-17 years of age with a novel digital application. Journal of AAPOS. 2024;28(3):103904.

Al-Saud LM, Mushtaq F, Mirghani I, et al. Drilling into the functional significance of stereopsis: the impact of stereoscopic information on surgical performance. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2017;37:498-506.

VisionC - Visual Acuity

Designed to measure visual acuity at multiple distances and contrast levels using standardized optotypes, supporting structured assessment of distance, intermediate, and near vision.

Validation of VisionC

Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Comment on 'The Eye Phone Study: reliability and accuracy of assessing Snellen visual acuity using smartphone technology'. Eye. 2015.

Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Llorens-Quintana C, Furlan WD, Monsoriu JA. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity screening with a new iPad application. Displays. 2016;44:15-20.

Clinical Research with VisionC

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Martínez J, Burguera N, Piñero DP. Agreement between subjective and predicted high and low contrast visual acuities with a double-pass system. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021;259(6):1651-1657.

Nováček LV, Němcová M, Sičová K, et al. Simultaneous presbyopia and astigmatism correction with a novel trifocal toric intraocular lens - a one-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022;11:4194.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Zamorano-Martín F, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Screening of positive dysphotopsia before multifocal intraocular lens implantation. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2024;72(Suppl 2):S211-S217.

Veselý P, Parshina N, Feketeová V, Furdová A, Valášková J. Comparison of the optical performance of three monofocal plus intraocular lenses. Bratislava Medical Journal. 2025;126:619-628.

Refractive Analysis Toolbox

Designed to analyze and graphically report refractive and visual outcomes from anterior-segment and refractive surgery studies. It included tools for standardized outcome plots, refractive-error analysis, and astigmatism vector analysis, following commonly used reporting standards in peer-reviewed refractive-surgery research. It was used in published studies to generate standardized refractive outcome plots.

Clinical Research with RAT

Macías-Murelaga B, Garay-Aramburu G, Bergado-Mijangos R, et al. Prediction error stabilization and long-term standard results with a monofocal intraocular lens. Vision. 2022;6:5.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Hueso E, Piñero D. Toric intraocular lens calculation considering anterior surgically induced astigmatism and posterior corneal astigmatism. Current Eye Research. 2022;47(1):25-31.

Garzón N, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Carmona D, et al. Comparing surgically induced astigmatism calculated by means of simulated keratometry versus total corneal refractive power. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018;28(5):573-581.

Pérez-Izquierdo R, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Matamoros A, et al. Influence of preoperative astigmatism type and magnitude on the effectiveness of SMILE correction. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2019;35(1):40-47.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Poyales F, Burguera N, Garzón N. New method to assess the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas according to ocular biometric parameters. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2020;46(6):849-856.

Fernández J, García-Montesinos J, Martínez J, Piñero DP, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Clinical analysis of central islands after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Current Eye Research. 2021;46(8):1154-1158.

Fernández J, García-Montesinos J, Martínez J, Piñero DP, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Posterior capsular opacification evaluation through contrast sensitivity defocus curves with two multifocal intraocular lenses of similar material. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021;259(10):2995-3002.

Fernández J, Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Burguera N, Salvestrini P, Garzón N. Toric intraocular lens results considering posterior corneal astigmatism with online calculators: phacoemulsification vs. femtosecond. Optics. 2021;2(3):184-192.

Cano-Ortiz A, Sánchez-Ventosa Á, Membrillo A, et al. Astigmatism correction with toric implantable collamer lens in low and high astigmatism groups. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022;32(1):183-192.

Macías-Murelaga B, Garay-Aramburu G, Bergado-Mijangos R, et al. Prediction error stabilization and long-term standard results with a monofocal intraocular lens. Vision. 2022;6(1):5.

Fernández J, Burguera N, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rachwani-Anil R, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Influence of a multifocal intraocular lens centration and eye angles on light distortion and ocular scatter index. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2023;261(8):2291-2299.

González-Cruces T, Sánchez-Ventosa Á, Villarrubia A, Sánchez-González JM, Cano-Ortiz A. Management of low astigmatism in implantable collamer lens surgery: opposite clear corneal incisions vs toric implantable collamer lens. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2023;49(12):1249-1257.

Carreras-Díaz H, Reñones de Abajo J, Carreras-Díaz MDR, Lorente-Velázquez A. Refractive outcomes after V4c Toric collamer lens implantation over 1y of follow-up. International Journal of Ophthalmology. 2024;17(7):1322-1330.

Sánchez-Ventosa Á, Cano-Ortiz A, González Cruces T, et al. Analysis after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation: 17- to 19-year follow-up study. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2024;50(8):816-821.

Fernández J, Ribeiro F, Burguera N, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. Influence of manufacturing tolerance and formula thickness type in the prediction error of multifocal intraocular lens power calculation. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2025;41(9):e943-e949.